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首頁 >>新聞中心 >>低壓無功補償裝置在砂石生產系統中的應用(老撾案例)
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低壓無功補償裝置在砂石生產系統中的應用(老撾案例)

時間:2025-08-11 09:27:28   來源:本網

針對老撾電網普遍存在的功率因數低、線損大的問題,本文結合砂石生產系統的實際案例,探討了低壓無功補償裝置的應用原理、容量計算、設備選型及實際效果,證明該技術是改善電能質量、降低能耗和電費支出的經濟有效手段。

 

一、背景:老撾電網與砂石生產的挑戰
當前老撾電網面臨一個普遍性問題:功率因數較低,導致電網線損較大。究其原因,在于大量感性負載用電設備(如電動機、變壓器)設計相對落后,自身功率因數不高。
對于砂石生產系統這類用電大戶而言,這不僅影響電網穩定性,更直接推高了運營成本。因此,采用無功補償節能技術,對提升電能質量、挖掘電網潛力、降低生產能耗和電費開支,顯得尤為必要。
 
二、無功補償:原理與核心價值
 
技術原理
  • 基本原理是將電容器與系統中的感性負載并聯。
  • 當感性負載吸收無功功率(能量)時,電容器正好釋放無功功率;反之,當感性負載釋放能量時,電容器則吸收能量。
  • 通過這種“能量交換”,電容器提供的無功功率(Qc)直接補償了感性負載所需的無功功率(Q),從而減少了電源需要提供的無功功率(Q' = Q - Qc)。
  • 效果體現: 功率因數(cosφ)顯著提高,系統所需的視在功率(S)減小到S'。
     
核心價值:
  • 提升供電能力: 釋放變壓器和線路容量。
  • 改善電壓質量: 穩定系統電壓。
  • 減少電費開支: 降低基本電費(視在功率計費)和力率調整電費(功率因數獎懲)。
  • 節約能源: 顯著降低線路和變壓器損耗(線損)。
  • 經濟高效: 安裝便捷、建設周期短、造價低、維護簡便、自身損耗小。
     
方案選擇: 針對砂石生產系統負載相對平穩的特點,我們選擇了動態補償(跟蹤補償)方式。利用控制器實時監測電網狀態,自動投切電力電容器組,確保補償快速精準。這是目前最方便、經濟有效的節能降損和改善電壓質量的方法之一。
 
三、補償容量計算:從功率因數出發
 
已知條件:
  • 最大負荷月平均有功功率 (Pp) = 443 kW
  • 補償前功率因數 (cosφ1) = 0.70 → tgφ1 ≈ 1.000
  • 目標功率因數 (cosφ2) = 0.95 → tgφ2 ≈ 0.323
 
計算公式:
所需補償容量 Qc = Pp * (tgφ1 - tgφ2)
 
計算結果:
Qc = 443 * (1.000 - 0.323) = 443 * 0.677 ≈ 300 kvar
結論: 需配置容量約為 300 kvar 的低壓無功補償裝置。
 
四、300kvar低壓無功補償裝置方案
 
無功補償系統構成
本方案核心設備包括:智能控制器、容性無觸點開關(投切單元)、熔斷器、電抗器、電容器組(10路 * 30kvar)。
 
關鍵設備選型與功能
  1. 控制器 (PQ2242T):

    • 功能:智能無功功率自動補償控制器。

    • 特點:專為低壓配電系統設計,配套電容柜使用。額定電壓380V,頻率50-60Hz,支持三相補償。實時采集A相電流、B和C相電壓,計算所需補償量。

    • 保護:具備缺相、過壓、欠壓等保護功能。

       

  2. 容性無觸點開關 (PQ3275):

    • 功能:用于投入或切除并聯電容器。

    • 核心優勢:有效抑制合閘涌流,保護電容器免受沖擊;抑制分斷過電壓

    • 適用性:專為微機控制的無功補償柜設計,響應速度快,可靠性高。

       

  3. 濾波電抗器(PQ4330)

  • 功能:線性度和短時電流是重要的指標參數,2.0In線性度與50倍額定短時電流能力

  • 核心優勢:120°C超溫自我保護功能,避免設備過熱損壞,過載情況下提供可靠保護。

  • 特點:消除三相間的電感誤差,具有高導磁能力和線性度,避免漏磁及飽和現象。

     

4. 控制策略:

  1. 判據: 主要依據實時測得的無功功率(輔助電壓、功率因數)。

  2. 投切邏輯:

  3. 計算所需補償容量。

  4. 在電容器組合中選取最接近且不產生過補償的組合。

  5. 一次投切到位: 計算值小于最小一組電容容量時,保持狀態;大于等于時,執行對應投切。提高了響應速度和補償精度。

  6. 設置功率因數上下限作為輔助控制條件。

  • 計算所需補償容量。

  • 在電容器組合中選取最接近且不產生過補償的組合。

  • 一次投切到位: 計算值小于最小一組電容容量時,保持狀態;大于等于時,執行對應投切。提高了響應速度和補償精度。

  • 設置功率因數上下限作為輔助控制條件。

 
 
五、實際應用效果分析
 
生產系統基礎: 變壓器容量 1000 kVA。
補償前狀態(實測):
  • 總電流 I = 750 A
  • 電壓 U = 400 V
  • 功率因數 cosφ = 0.70
  • 視在功率 S = √3 * U * I = 1.732 * 400 * 750 ≈ 519.6 kVA
  • 有功功率 P = S * cosφ = 519.6 * 0.70 ≈ 363.7 kW
  • 無功功率 Q = S * sinφ ≈ 519.6 * 0.714 (sinφ對應cosφ0.7) ≈ 371.1 kvar (注:原文計算有誤,此處修正為Q = √(S² - P²) ≈ √(519.6² - 363.7²) ≈ 371.1 kvar)
 
投入一組電容器 (Qc = 30 kvar) 后:
  • 剩余無功功率 Q' = Q - Qc ≈ 371.1 - 30 = 341.1 kvar
  • 新的功率因數角正切值 tanφ' = Q' / P = 341.1 / 363.7 ≈ 0.938
  • 新的功率因數 cosφ' ≈ 0.73 (較補償前0.70有所提升)
  • 新的視在功率 S' = P / cosφ' ≈ 363.7 / 0.73 ≈ 498.2 kVA (較補償前519.6 kVA減小)
  • 效果體現:
  • 功率因數提高: 從 0.70 提升至約 0.73 (示例為投入一組,全部投入目標0.95)。
  • 無功功率減少: 系統所需無功降低。
  • 視在功率減小: 意味著變壓器和線路的負荷減輕,釋放了供電潛力,降低了損耗。
 

六、總結

 

本次在老撾砂石生產系統改造中,應用的低壓無功補償方案具有顯著優勢:

  1. 控制先進: 采用 PQ2系列控制器,以無功功率為主要判據,結合功率因數上下限控制,實現了快速、精準的“一次投切到位”,響應速度快。

  2. 設備可靠: 選用 PQ3275容性無觸點開關,有效抑制涌流和過電壓,保障了電容器組的安全穩定運行。

  3. 結構精簡成本低: 控制策略允許使用較少的電容器分組達到較高補償精度,降低了裝置成本。

  4. 保護完善: 具備缺相、過壓、欠壓等保護功能,系統安全性高。

  5. 效果顯著: 在實際生產中運行穩定,快速響應負載變化,有效提高了功率因數降低了線路損耗改善了電壓質量減少了電費支出,完全滿足了砂石生產系統的節能降耗和穩定運行要求。

實踐證明, 在類似老撾電網條件及砂石生產等工業場景中,合理配置低壓動態無功補償裝置,是解決功率因數低、線損大問題,實現節能增效目標的最經濟、高效和可靠的技術路徑之一。

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